Explain the Adaptations of the Circulatory System

Did you know that your heart beats about 100,000 times a day?! And that it sends about 2,000 gallons of blood around your body?! That’s around the same amount as 16,000 pints of milk!

The cells in our body need a good supply of oxygen and nutrients.  They also need to get rid of waste substances. Our blood carries out both of these functions. The circulatory system consists of blood vessels such as arteries, veins and capillaries and a pump called the heart.

Blood passes through the heart twice on every full circuit of the body. This is called a double circulatory system. A double circulatory system separates the blood with oxygen from the blood without oxygen. Blood with oxygen is called oxygenated blood. Blood without oxygen is called deoxygenated blood.

Each organ of the body is supplied with blood from its own artery.  This blood is oxygenated. Deoxygenated blood is taken away from organs by veins. 

When blood has been pumped out of the left ventricle of the heart, it begins to make its journey around the body in an artery called the aorta.  The blood is rich in oxygen. Oxygen is carried by red blood cells. The oxygen leaves the red blood cells as they pass through the capillaries.   Capillaries are the network of blood vessels which pass in between the cells in the body. As blood leaves the capillaries, it enters veins. Veins return blood to the heart.

Arteries

When blood flows out of the heart, it enters the arteries. The blood is at very high pressure because it has been forced out of the heart as the ventricles have contracted (squeezed).  Arteries have very strong walls to be able to cope with the high pressure of the blood flowing through them.  The blood moves through the arteries with every heartbeat.  The thick muscular walls stretch and then bounce back into place because of the elastic fibres in the walls of arteries. 

The lumen is the hollow corridor that blood flows through. Arteries have a small lumen keeping the blood under high pressure.

Capillaries 

Arteries divide into smaller blood vessels.  The smallest blood vessels are called capillaries. The function of a capillary is to take nutrients and oxygen to cells and take waste products away. The structure of a capillary helps them do this. Capillaries have very thin walls - they are only one cell thick. This means that the substances can diffuse in and out very quickly.

Veins

Capillaries eventually join up again and form veins.  By the time the blood gets to the veins, it is at a much lower pressure than it was in the arteries.  Veins don't have thick, strong, elastic walls. Veins have valves to stop the blood from flowing backwards. Arteries do not have valves because the force of the heartbeat keeps the blood moving. Veins have larger lumens than arteries because they are under less pressure and this enables the blood to flow more easily.

Gas Exchange

The lungs are adapted for gas exchange. Breathing involves exchanging gases in the lungs. 

When you breathe in, oxygen in the inhaled air travels down your trachea, which branches off into bronchi (one branch is called the bronchus). This further divides into bronchioles and eventually, the oxygen diffuses through the tiny alveoli (air sacs) in your lungs into your bloodstream. The oxygen is transported to the heart via the pulmonary vein and then pumped around your body via the aorta from the heart. Carbon dioxide is the waste gas produced by respiration. Carbon dioxide diffuses from cells into the bloodstream and is pumped to the lungs via the pulmonary artery to be exhaled. 

The alveoli have a few adaptations that make gas exchange very efficient. They are only one cell thick, making them very thin, which allows gases to pass through easily and quickly. They also have a large surface area, allowing large amounts of gases to be exchanged with each breath.

In the following activity, you will explain the adaptations of the organs of the circulatory system.